Austenitic Stainless Steel

Austenitic Stainless steel is dominant in the market. The group includes the very common AISI 304 and AISI 316 steel, but also the higher alloyed AISI 310S and ASTM N08904 / 904L

Austenitic steel are characterised by their high content of austenite-formers, especially nickel. They are also alloyed with chromium, molybdenum and sometimes with copper, titanium, niobium and nitrogen. Alloying with nitrogen raises the yield strength of the steels.

Austenitic stainless steel have a very wide range of applications, e.g. in the chemical industry and the food processing industry. The molybdenum-free steel also have very good high-temperature properties and are therefore used in furnaces and heat exchangers. Their good impact strength at low temperatures is often exploited in apparatus such as vessels for cryogenic liquids.

Austenitic stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treatment. They are normally supplied in the quenching–annealing state, which means that they are soft and highly formable.

Cold working increases their hardness and strength. Certain steel grades are therefore supplied in the cold stretched or hard rolled condition. Austenitic stainless steel have high ductility, low yield strength and relatively high ultimate tensile strength, when compare to a typical carbon steel.

A carbon steel on cooling transforms from Austenite to a mixture of ferrite and cementite. With austenitic stainless steel tubing, the high chrome and nickel content suppress this transformation keeping the material fully austenite on cooling (The Nickel maintains the austenite phase on cooling and the Chrome slows the transformation down so that a fully austenitic structure can be achieved with only 8% Nickel).

Heat treatment and the thermal cycle caused by welding, have little influence on mechanical properties. However strength and hardness can be increased by cold working, which will also reduce ductility. A full solution anneal (heating to around 1045°C followed by quenching or rapid cooling) will restore the material to its original condition, removing alloy segregation, sensitisation, sigma phase and restoring ductility after cold working. Unfortunately the rapid cooling will re-introduce residual stresses, which could be as high as the yield point. Distortion can also occur if the object is not properly supported during the annealing process.

Austenitic steel are not susceptible to hydrogen cracking, therefore pre-heating is seldom required, except to reduce the risk of shrinkage stresses in thick sections. Post weld heat treatment is seldom required as this material as a high resistance to brittle fracture; occasionally stress relief is carried out to reduce the risk of stress corrosion cracking, however this is likely to cause sensitisation unless a stabilised grade is used (limited stress relief can be achieved with a low temperature of around 450°C ). Austenitic Stainless Steel / Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Comparison Chart

China GB	ISO Unified Digital Code	ASTM / ASME Grade	UNS Code	EN Code	Company Commercial Grade
06Cr19Ni10	S30408	304	S30400	1.4301	–
07Cr19Ni10	S30409	304H	S30409	1.4948	–
022Cr19Ni10	S30403	304L	S30403	1.4307	–
022Cr19Ni10N	S30453	304LN	S30453	1.4311	–
–	–	Super304	S30432	–	Super304H(NSSMC)
06Cr18Ni11Ti	S32168	321	S32100	1.4541	–
07Cr18Ni11Ti	S32169	321H	S32109	1.494	–
06Cr17Ni12Mo2	S31608	316	S31600	1.4401	–
022Cr17Ni12Mo2	S31603	316L	S31603	1.4404	–
022Cr17Ni12Mo2N	S31653	316LN	S31653	1.4406	–
06Cr17Ni12Mo3Ti	S31668	316Ti	S31635	1.4571	–
00Cr17Ni14Mo2		316LMoD/316LUG	S31603	1.4435	–
022Cr19Ni13Mo3	S31703	317L	S31703	1.4438	–
022Cr19Ni16Mo5N	S31723	317LMN	S31725	1.4439	–
06Cr25Ni20	S31008	310S	S31008	1.4845	–
00Cr19Ni11	–	304L	S30403	1.4307	3RE12(Sandvik)
–	–	310L	S31002	1.4335	2RE10(Sandvik)
20Cr25Ni20	S31020	310H	S31009	1.4821
16Cr25Ni20Si2	S38340	314	–	1.4841
022Cr25Ni22Mo2N	S31053	310MoLN	S31050	1.4466	2RE69(Sandvik)
–	–	310HCbN	S31042	–	HR3C(NSSMC)
07Cr18Ni11Nb	S34749	347H	S34709	1.4942	–
–	–	347HFG	S34710	–	–
015Cr21Ni26M5Cu2	S31782	904L	N08904	1.4539	2RK65(Sandvik)
015Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN	S31252	S31254	S31254	1.4547	254SMO(Sandvik)
00Cr20Ni24Mo6N	–	N08367	N08367	–	AL6XN, AL6XN plus(ATI)
00Cr21Ni25Mo6CuN	–	N08926	N08926	1.4529	–
015Cr24Ni22Mo8Mn3CuN	S32652	S32654	S32654	1.4652	654SMO(Outokumpu)
00Cr22Ni27Mo7CuN	–	S31277	S31277	–	–

Metallographic Test – Metallography Testing
Metallographic Test Report

Austenitic steels have a F.C.C atomic structure which provides more planes for the flow of dislocations, combined with the low level of interstitial elements (elements that lock the dislocation chain), gives this material its good ductility. This also explains why this material has no clearly defined yield point, which is why its yield stress is always expressed as a proof stress. Austenitic steels have excellent toughness down to true absolute (-273°C), with no steep ductile to brittle transition.

This material has good corrosion resistance, but quite severe corrosion can occur in certain environments. The right choice of welding consumable and welding technique can be crucial as the weld metal can corrode more than the parent material.

Probably the biggest cause of failure in pressure plant made of stainless steel is stress corrosion cracking (S.C.C). This type of corrosion forms deep cracks in the material and is caused by the presence of chlorides in the process fluid or heating water/steam (Good water treatment is essential ), at a temperature above 50°C, when the material is subjected to a tensile stress (this stress includes residual stress, which could be up to yield point in magnitude). Significant increases in Nickel and also Molybdenum will reduce the risk.

Stainless steel has a very thin and stable oxide film rich in chrome. This film reforms rapidly by reaction with the atmosphere if damaged. If stainless steel tube is not adequately protected from the atmosphere during welding or is subject to very heavy grinding operations, a very thick oxide layer will form. This thick oxide layer, distinguished by its blue tint, will have a chrome depleted layer under it, which will impair corrosion resistance. Both the oxide film and depleted layer must be removed, either mechanically (grinding with a fine grit is recommended, wire brushing and shot blasting will have less effect), or chemically (acid pickle with a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid). Once cleaned, the surface can be chemically passivated to enhance corrosion resistance, (passivation reduces the anodic reaction involved in the corrosion process).

Carbon steel tools, also supports or even sparks from grinding carbon steel, can embed fragments into the surface of the stainless steel pipe. These fragments can then rust if moistened. Therefore it is recommended that stainless steel fabrication be carried out in a separate designated area and special stainless steel tools used where possible.

If any part of stainless steel is heated in the range 500 degrees to 800 degrees for any reasonable time there is a risk that the chrome will form chrome carbides (a compound formed with carbon) with any carbon present in the steel. This reduces the chrome available to provide the passive film and leads to preferential corrosion, which can be severe. This is often referred to as sensitisation. Therefore it is advisable when welding stainless steel to use low heat input and restrict the maximum interpass temperature to around 175°, although sensitisation of modern low carbon grades is unlikely unless heated for prolonged periods. Small quantities of either titanium (321) or niobium (347) added to stabilise the material will inhibit the formation of chrome carbides.

To resist oxidation and creep high carbon grades such as 304H or 316H are often used. Their improved creep resistance relates to the presence of carbides and the slightly coarser grain size associated with higher annealing temperatures. Because the higher carbon content inevitably leads to sensitisation, there may be a risk of corrosion during plant shut downs, for this reason stabilised grades may be preferred such as 347H.

The solidification strength of austenitic stainless steel can be seriously impaired by small additions of impurities such as sulphur and phosphorous, this coupled with the materials high coefficient of expansion can cause serious solidification cracking problems. Most 304 type alloys are designed to solidify initially as delta ferrite, which has a high solubility for sulphur, transforming to austenite upon further cooling. This creates an austenitic material containing tiny patches of residual delta ferrite, therefore not a true austenitic in the strict sense of the word. Filler metal often contains further additions of delta ferrite to ensure crack free welds.

The delta ferrite can transform to a very brittle phase called sigma, if heated above 550°C for very prolonged periods (Could take several thousand hours, depending on chrome level. A duplex stainless steel can form sigma phase after only a few minutes at this temperature)

The very high coefficient of expansion associated with this material means that welding distortion can be quite savage. I have seen thick ring flanges on pressure vessel twist after welding to such an extent that a fluid seal is impossible. Thermal stress is another major problem associated with stainless steel; premature failure can occur on pressure plant heated by a jacket or coils attached to a cold veesel. This material has poor thermal conductivity, therefore lower welding current is required (typically 25% less than carbon steel) and narrower joint preparations can be tolerated. All common welding processes can be used successfully, however high deposition rates associated with SAW could cause solidification cracking and possibly sensitisation, unless adequate precautions are taken.

To ensure good corrosion resistance of the weld root it must be protected from the atmosphere by an inert gas shield during welding and subsequent cooling. The gas shield should be contained around the root of the weld by a suitable dam, which must permit a continuous gas flow through the area. Welding should not commence until sufficient time has elapsed to allow the volume of purging gas flowing through the dam to equal at least the 6 times the volume contained in the dam (EN1011 Part 3 Recommends 10). Once purging is complete the purge flow rate should be reduced so that it only exerts a small positive pressure, sufficient to exclude air. If good corrosion resistance of the root is required the oxygen level in the dam should not exceed 0.1%(1000 ppm); for extreme corrosion resistance this should be reduced to 0.015% (150 ppm). Backing gasses are typically argon or helium; Nitrogen Is often used as an economic alternative where corrosion resistance is not critical, Nitrogrn + 10% Helium is better. A wide variety of proprietary pastes and backing materials are available than can be use to protect the root instead of a gas shield. In some applications where corrosion and oxide coking of the weld root is not important, such as large stainless steel ducting, no gas backing is used.
Carbon content:
304L grade Low Carbon, typically 0.03% Max
304 grade Medium Carbon, typically 0.08% Max
304H grade High Carbon, typically Up to 0.1%

The higher the carbon content the greater the yield strength. (Hence the stength advantage in using stabilised grades)

Typical Alloy Content

304
316
316Ti
320
321
347
308
309

(18-20Cr, 8-12Ni)
(16-18Cr, 10-14Ni + 2-3Mo)
(316 with Titanium Added)
(Same as 316Ti)
(17-19Cr, 9-12Ni + Titanium)
(17-19Cr, 9-13Ni + Niobium)
(19-22Cr, 9-11Ni)
(22-24Cr, 12-15Ni)

304 + Molybdenum
304 + Moly + Titanium
–
304 + Titanium
304 + Niobium
304 + Extra 2%Cr
304 + Extra 4%Cr + 4% Ni

All the above stainless steel grades are basic variations of a 304. All are readily weldable and all have matching consumables, except for a 304 which is welded with a 308 or 316, 321 is welded with a 347 (Titanium is not easily transferred across the arc) and a 316Ti is normally welded with a 318.

Molybdenum has the same effect on the microstructure as chrome, except that it gives better resistance to pitting corrosion. Therefore a 316 needs less chrome than a 304.

310	(24-26Cr,19-22Ni)	True Austenitic. This material does not transform to ferrite on cooling and therefore does not contain delta ferrite. It will not suffer sigma phase embrittlement but can be tricky to weld.
904L	(20Cr,25Ni,4.5Mo)	Super Austenitic Or Nickel alloy. Superior corrosion resistance providing they are welded carefully with low heat input (less than 1 kJ/mm recommended) and fast travel speeds with no weaving. Each run of weld should not be started until the metal temperature falls below 100°C. It is unlikely that a uniform distribution of alloy will be achieved throughout the weld (segregation), therefore this material should either be welded with an over-alloyed consumable such as a 625 or solution annealed after welding, if maximum corrosion resistance is required.

Austenitic Stainless Steel

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