Stainless Steel Cold Working Properties
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The austenitic chromium-nickelstainless steel are cold formed (bent, drawn, shaped) and the cold forming imparts a higher strength than for the original starting annealed condition. It is not typical to heat these stainless steel for forming as is often done with carbon steel. The following are the designations of cold working tempers as defined by ASTM A 666, Standard Specification for Austenitic Stainless Steel, Sheet, Strip, Plate & Flat Bar.
1/4 Hard, 1/2 Hard, 3/4 Hard, Full Hard
Reheating the cold worked austenitic stainless steel at temperature below 370° C (700° F) increases the tensile strength. Reheating above 425° C (900° F) lowers the strength and increases the ductility.
Cold working increases the fatigue strength of the austenitic stainless steel tube. However, the fatigue strength of these cold worked alloys is reduced by notches, as compared to notched fatigue strength in the annealing condition.
| Fatigue Strength (Endurance Limits) of Cold Worked Stainless Steel |
| AISI Type |
Temper |
Endurance Limit - ksi |
| 301 |
Full Hard Temper |
80 |
| 302 |
Full Hard Temper |
75 |
| 303 |
1/4 Hard Temper |
48 |
| 304 |
Annealed Temper |
35 |
| 304 |
1/2 Hard Temper |
70 |
| 304 |
3/4 Hard Temper |
92 |
| 347 |
3/4 Hard Temper |
88 |
Minimum Tensile Strength of Cold Rolled Sheet & Strip for 304
The other common 300 series alloys are similar. |
| Temper |
Tensile Strenghth ksi |
Yield ksi |
Elong. % |
Rockwell C Hardness |
| 1/4 Hard Temper |
125 |
75 |
23 |
25 |
| 1/2 Hard Temper |
150 |
110 |
16 |
32 |
| 3/4 Hard Temper |
175 |
135 |
11 |
37 |
| Full Hard Temper |
185 |
140 |
8 |
41 |
| Extra Full Hard Temper |
200 |
- |
- |
45 |
Tensile Strength of Cold Drawn Cr-Ni Stainless Steel Wire
Diameter Range of 0.126 - 0.375" |
| AISI TYPE |
Temper |
Yield Strength-ksi |
Tensile Strength ksi |
Elongation .% |
| 302 |
1/4 hard Temper |
90-125 |
120-140 |
15-25 |
| 1/2 hard Temper |
120-150 |
145-176 |
10-17 |
| 3/4 hard Temper |
150-180 |
170-200 |
5-10 |
| *Full hard Temper |
180-220 |
190-230 |
2-5 |
| *Typical of wires used in making stranded wire rope |
| 304 |
1/4 hard |
90-110 |
120-140 |
20-30 |
| 1/2 hard |
120-140 |
130-170 |
10-18 |
| 3/4 hard |
140-170 |
170-200 |
5-10 |
| Full hard |
170-210 |
200-240 |
2-5 |
| 309S |
1/4 hard |
80-90 |
110-130 |
15-25 |
| 1/2 hard |
105-125 |
125-155 |
10-11 |
| 3/4 hard |
125-150 |
140-180 |
8-12 |
| Full hard |
150-185 |
160-190 |
4-8 |
| 310S |
1/4 hard |
80-90 |
110-130 |
15-25 |
| 1/2 hard |
105-125 |
125-155 |
10-11 |
| 3/4 hard |
125-150 |
140-180 |
8-12 |
| Full hard |
150-185 |
160-195 |
3-6 |
| 316 |
1/4 hard |
80-100 |
110-130 |
20-30 |
| 1/2 hard |
105-125 |
135-155 |
12-20 |
| 3/4 hard |
135-165 |
165-195 |
8-12 |
| Full hard |
155-185 |
185-215 |
3-6 |
| 321 |
1/4 hard |
90-110 |
120-140 |
20-30 |
| 1/2 hard |
120-140 |
150-170 |
10-18 |
| 3/4 hard |
140-170 |
170-200 |
5-10 |
| Full hard |
170-210 |
200-240 |
2-5 |
| 347 |
1/4 hard |
85-105 |
115-135 |
15-25 |
| 1/2 hard |
110-130 |
140-160 |
10-13 |
| 3/4 hard |
140-170 |
170-200 |
5-10 |
| Full hard |
160-190 |
190-220 |
3-6 |
Tensile Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel
For Various Amounts of Cold Working |
| |
Strength in ksi for % Cold Reduction Shown |
| Alloy |
0 |
10% |
20% |
30% |
40% |
50% |
60% |
| 301 |
| Tensile |
120 |
150 |
168 |
184 |
198 |
210 |
222 |
| Yield |
40 |
87 |
120 |
148 |
170 |
185 |
202 |
| Elongation |
75% |
58% |
42% |
32% |
22% |
15% |
6% |
| 302 |
| Tensile |
93 |
108 |
122 |
138 |
152 |
168 |
180 |
| Yield |
37 |
91 |
107 |
120 |
134 |
147 |
160 |
| Elongation |
67% |
42% |
30% |
20% |
15% |
10% |
6% |
| 303 |
| Tensile |
91 |
106 |
125 |
148 |
171 |
196 |
n/a |
| Yield |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
| Elong. |
75% |
58% |
42% |
32% |
22% |
15% |
6% |
| 304 |
| Tensile |
86 |
98 |
113 |
130 |
146 |
158 |
169 |
| Yield |
34 |
69 |
97 |
120 |
135 |
145 |
152 |
| Elong. |
53% |
36% |
25% |
16% |
13% |
10% |
6% |
| 304L |
| Tensile |
83 |
106 |
122 |
138 |
154 |
170 |
n/a |
| Yield |
32 |
72 |
97 |
120 |
138 |
152 |
n/a |
| Elong. |
57% |
35% |
23% |
15% |
10% |
5% |
n/a |
| 309S |
| Tensile |
80 |
87 |
98 |
115 |
135 |
151 |
165 |
| Yield |
37 |
57 |
82 |
102 |
122 |
140 |
153 |
| Elong. |
55% |
45% |
30% |
14% |
9% |
5% |
3% |
| 310S |
| Tensile |
86 |
108 |
126 |
140 |
153 |
166 |
174 |
| Yield |
45 |
67 |
97 |
125 |
140 |
148 |
152 |
| Elong. |
45% |
29% |
15% |
8% |
6% |
5% |
5% |
| 316 |
| Tensile |
85 |
95 |
110 |
130 |
142 |
150 |
169 |
| Yield |
38 |
70 |
98 |
118 |
128 |
137 |
148 |
| Elong. |
60% |
40% |
21% |
12% |
8% |
6% |
5% |
| 321 |
| Tensile |
88 |
100 |
115 |
135 |
150 |
160 |
168 |
| Yield |
32 |
70 |
100 |
120 |
134 |
142 |
145 |
| Elong. |
55% |
45% |
26% |
13% |
8% |
5% |
4% |
| 347 |
| Tensile |
96 |
105 |
122 |
144 |
159 |
168 |
173 |
| Yield |
40 |
78 |
109 |
128 |
138 |
143 |
149 |
| Elong. |
50% |
33% |
12% |
8% |
7% |
6% |
5% |
Related References:
Effect of Cold Work and Heat Treatment of Austenitic Steel
Stainless Steel Cold Working Properties
Stainless Steel Cold Worked Tempers
Hot Rolling - Hot Rolling Process | Hot Rolling Application | Types of Hot Rolling Mill | Hot Rolled Steel Tube | History
Cold Rolling - Physical metallurgy | Degree of cold work | Cold Rolling Stainless Steel | Manufacturing Process
Foil rolling | Rolling Mill | Steel Mill | Production methods | Recycling of Steel | Modern Steelmaking | Contemporary Steel
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