Phases |
Continuous phase |
Driving force |
Change of phase |
Examples |
Gas – Liquid |
Gas |
Gravity |
No |
Spray columns, packed columns |
|
|
|
Yes |
Cooling towers, falling droplet evaporators |
|
|
Forced |
No |
Spray coolers/quenchers |
|
|
Liquid flow |
Yes |
Spray condensers/evaporation, jet condensers |
|
Liquid |
Gravity |
No |
Bubble columns, perforated tray columns |
|
|
|
Yes |
Bubble column condensers |
|
|
Forced |
No |
Gas spargers |
|
|
Gas flow |
Yes |
Direct contact evaporators, submerged combustion
|