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Comparison Structural Design Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel





Stress-strain behaviour of carbon steel and stainless steel

The stress-strain behaviour of stainless steel differs from that of carbon steel in a number of respects. The most important difference is in the shape of the stress-strain curve. Whereas carbon steel typically exhibits linear elastic behaviour up to the yield strength and a plateau before strain hardening, stainless steel has a more rounded response with no well-defined yield strength

Comparison of structural behaviour of stainless steel and carbon steel members The main reasons for the difference in structural behaviour between carbon and stainless steel members are:

  • The stress-strain curve for stainless steel departs from linearity at a much lower stress than that for carbon steels
  • Stainless steels have greater ductility and a greater capacity for work hardening than carbon steels
  • The material modulus of stainless steel reduces with increasing stress, unlike that of carbon steels which is constant
  • The residual stresses arising from fabrication are higher in stainless steel than in carbon steel.

  • As a result of this, different buckling curves are required from those of carbon steel. This applies to:
  • local (plate) buckling for elements in compression
  • flexural, torsional, torsional-flexural buckling for members subject to axial compression
  • lateral-torsional buckling for beams with unrestrained compression flanges

  • Design guidance for structural stainless steel is available (see References).
    Stainless steel yield strength are generally quoted in terms of the 0.2% proof strength, i.e. the proof strength at an offset permanent strain of 0.2%.

    Comparison of mechanical properties for stainless steel and carbon steel
    Grade Design strength (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2) Young's Modulus (N/mm2) Elongation (%)
     
    Stainless steel
    304 1.4301 210 520 200 000 45
    316 1.4401 220 520 200 000 40
    Carbon steel
    S275 275 410 205 000 22
    S355 355 490 205 000 22

    No limitations on thickness in relation to brittle fracture apply to stainless steel; the limitations for carbon steel are not applicable due to the superior toughness of stainless steel. The austenitic stainless steel grades do not show a ductile-brittle impact strength transition as temperatures are lowered. Stainless steel can absorb considerable impact without fracturing due to their excellent ductility and their strain-hardening characteristics.

    Estimation of deflections

    As the stiffness of stainless steel decreases as the stress level increases, deflections are greater that those for carbon steel members. It is therefore necessary to use a reduced modulus to predict the behaviour of members in which high stresses occur. This is explained in the article Calculating the deflections of stainless steel beams

    Properties | Tensile Strength | Yield Strength | Typical Yield | Typical Tensile | Yield strength & Yield point | Stainless Steel Tensile Strength | Bend Testing | Compression Testing | Difference Between Yield and Tensile | AISI Steel Yield Tensile | Strength Properties of Metals | Strength of Materials | Stress | Aluminum Mechanical Properties | Tensile Proof Stress Of Metric Bolts and Screws | Tensile Strength of Metric Nuts | Stainless Tensile Of Metric Bolts Screws

    Thermoplastics Physical Properties | British Standard Strength of Steel | Shear and Tensile | Elastic Properties Young Modulus | Stength European Standard | Ductility | Young's Modulus | Non-Ferrous Modulus of Elasticity | Steel Bolts Strength | Iron Steel Modulus of Elasticity | Thermal Properties | Properties of Thermal | Thread Shear Calculator | Metals Properties | Stainless Steel Physical Properties | Definition Mechanical Properties

    Comparison Structural Design Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel
    Calculating the Deflections of Stainless Steel Beams
    Structural Design of Stainless Steel
    Stainless Steel Section for Structural Application
    Structural Steel Comparison Table
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